Semiorka and derived from R7

by Jean-Jacques Serra

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Origin: ICBM of first generation (R7 Semiorka)

In Feb 1953 the Soviet government decided to built a intercontinental rocket. The project management was affected to S.P. Korolev's OKB while V.P. Gouchko's one was in charge of the motors.
Originaly the program planned to send a 3 ton payload at 8000 km. It transformed in late 1953 when the thermonuclear warheadwas found to weigh 6 tons. The modified project was accepted in August 1954 under the name R7 (or Semiorka).

The R7 was a rocket made of a central body with 4 lateral boosters as the first stage. The conical boosters, were 19.8 m high and 2.68 m diameter (base). The main body, known as Block A, was 28.75 m high and a maximum diameter of 2.95 m at the upper fixation point of the boosters. The missile was known in the US as SS-6 Sapwood; it weighed 267 tons at takeoff and was 30.5 m high.

The first tests of the motors (static bench) took place in Sep 1956. The motors had 4 chambers consuming the couple oxygen-kerosen. The RD-107 was active during 320 seconds and provided 976 kN thrust in vacuum (Isp = 305 s). It featured two verniers. The RD-108 active 120 seconds developped 912 kN in vacuum (Isp = 308 s) and featured 4 verniers.

Missiles tests started on 15 May 1957 from Tyuratam (near Baïkonour), specially created for the R7. After 3 failures the first successful flight took place on 21 August the same year. A second success on 7 September set on the green light to try and achieve a satellisation.

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Usage of Semiorka without top stage

The first artifical satellite Sputnik 1 was launched on 4 Oct. 1957 from Tyuratam. Only the top stage of the R7 rocket was modified to create the rocket named 8K71 in USSR and A / SL1 in the US.

This launcher was further used for 2 satellites. On 3 Nov 1957 it put the 508 kg Sputnik 2 into orbit and its Laïka passenger. On 15 May 1958 after a failure in April Sputnik 3 (1327 kg) was also put onto orbit.

The Semiorka configuration was such that it was a military device difficult to use. On the contrary it was a great base for a space launcher and therefore it is still used 40 years after its first launch. The constructor of this rocket is now KB Photon, a division of TsSKB Samara.

The RD-107 and RD-108 motors, now built by NPO Energomash, have been enhanced. Their performance is now 1000 kN in vacuum (Isp = 314 s) for the former and 941 kN (Isp = 315 s) for the latter.

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Usage of Semiorka with a Block E third stage

The project of Lunar probe launches required a third stage for the R7. This Block E top stage was ordered from the S.A. Kosberg KB (now KB Khimautomatiki) in Feb 1958. It was to be the first liquid stage fired up in vacuum. Its RO-7 motor (or RD-0105) using liquid onxygen and kerosen developped 49 kN thrust (Isp 316 s). It was 2.58 m diameter, 2.98 m long and weighed 8.1 tons, including 7 tons propellant.

After several failures since August 1958 the first sucessful launch of the 3-stage R7 occured to send Luna 1 to the moon on 2 Jan 1959. The probe flowby 6400 km from the objective before acquiring a solar orbit. A second failure in August occured before the first moon impact with Luna 2, launched on 12 Sep 1959. Then Luna 3 launched on 4 October took the first pictures of moon's hidden side. Two failures ended the 8K72 carrier, also known as A1 / SL2.

The Block E will be enhanced in 1960 for a piloted launch. A new RD(448 (or RD-0109) developped 54.5 kN thrust (Isp = 324 s).

The first Korabl spacecraft ( Sputnik 4) was launched on 15 May 1960. It was the first of 7 tentatives including 5 successful launches which preceded the 6 Vostok flights. The Vostok rocket alias 8A92 or A1 / SL3 in the West will also be used to launch automatic satellites. In this configuration it is 38.4 m high and weighs 287 tons. It was 38.4 m high, 287 tons, and could orbit 4.7 tons in LEO or 1.1 tons in 900 km sunsynchronous orbit. This rocket launched:
- reconnaissance satellites of first generation (Cosmos Zenith) until 1967
- meteorological (Cosmos, Meteor) and observation (Cosmos, IRS) satellites until 1991

Note: it seems that the Poliot satellites (1963-1964) built by OKB Chelomei were launched by a modified Vostok named SL5. The SL10 launched used to launch Cosmos 101 and Cosmos 125 (1965-1966) would also have been launched by a modified R7.

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Usage of Semiorka with a Block I third stage

The 4-stage version of Semiorka was designed in 1959-1960 for interplanetary missions. The Block I third stage was built by KB S.A. Kosberg. It was 2.66 m diameter and 8.1 m long. It weighed 24 tons including 21 tons propellant. It's 4-chamber motor block RO-9 (or RD-0107) used liquid oxygen and Kerosen. It provided 298 kN (Isp = 324 s). The fourth stage, Block L, was built by OKB S.P. Korovev. It was aimed by a CI-5400 integrated flux motor developping 67 kN (Isp = 340 s) with the same propellant.

The two first tentatives to Mars failed in October 1960. In Februry 1961 the first probe to Venus stayed in transfert orbit because of a Block L failure. The second launched on 12 Feb was correctly placed on solar orbit and became Venus 1. in 1962 the 3 launches towards Venus failed and only 1 launch to Mars in Oct.-Nov. succeeded on 1 Nov.

After such a difficult start the 8K78 (A2e / SL6) became more reliable and launched several types of space probes (Luna, Zond, Venus and Mars).

A version without fourth stage designed to launch manned vehicles was named 11A57 (or A2 / SL4). It was first tested in Nov 1963 with Cosmos 22, and then was used for the Voskhod program and to launch second generation Zenith reconnaissance satellites.

In Feb 1964 the 4-stage launcher was improved by replacing the 3rd stage motor by a RD-461 (or RD-0110) giving birth to the 8K78M rocket better known an Molniya. This launcher is 42 m high and weighs 306 tons. It can orbit 1.6 tons on an elliptic 12 hours path used by the Molniya telecommunication satellites. This launcher is also used for:
- space probes to the moon (1.6 tons), Venus (1.2 tons) or Mars (0.95 tons)
- scientific satellites Prognoz (0.9 tons) on very eccentric orbits
- early warning satellites Oko (Cosmos series) on 12 hour Molniya-type orbits

The 3-stage version Soyuz alias 11A511 appeared in Nov 1966 for the launch of Cosmos 133, then the version Soyuz M (11A511M) in Dec 1971 for Cosmos 470. The last version Soyuz U (11A511U) was launched for the first time in Mai 1973 with Cosmos 559.

For the manned flight a Soyuz U2 version exist; it is more powerful. It's central motor (RD-118) uses cycline instead of kerosen as propellant. The thrust of each booster is 1030 kN (ground level) and 1250 kN in vacuum (Soyuz U: 1015 kN and 1240 kN respectively). The thrust of the central motor is 1010 kN (980 kN for Soyuz U). But the manned launches will from now on be made with kerosen, because the cycline plant in Oufa (Bachkirie) was closed of budget problems. NPO Energomach which produces the motors plan to compensate the performance with new injectors which enhance the combustion fo propellant.

Soyuz is in fact the most launched vehicle in the world (over 700 times). It measures 45 to 50 m depending on the versions, weighs 310 tons and can orbit ~7 tons in LEO. In addition to the Soyuz spacecrafts which gave them its name, the rocket was used for:
- several types of reconnaissance satellites (Zenith, Kometa, Yantar, etc.)
- their civilian counterparts ( Bion, Resurs F, Foton, etc.)
- the Progress supply ships

A2e / SL6 (Molniya) launches
A2 / SL4 (Soyuz) launches

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Commercial version: Soyouz-Ikar

The maximum capacity of the Soyuz U is only attained for launches of retrievable probes in LEO (200 km 51.8°) when the cap is jettisoned early. This performance falls to 6.2 tons at 200 km when the cap is released later, as for the more fragile commercial payloads; and 5 tons at 300 km. The Molniya M can place 1.75 tons on a 500/40000 km orbit, 62.8° inclination, or 1.5 tons in sunsynchronous orbit at 800 km altitude.

The Russian-French firm Starsem set up by Aerospatiale (35%), Arianespace (15%), RKA (25%) and Samara center (25%) was created in August 1996 to sell Semiorka vehicles (Soyuz, Molniya and derivatives).

The new version is tailored for satellite constellation launches. It has an Ika stage under the cap like Molniya's Block L. This stage equipped with re-ignitable motors has already flown over 30 times with maneuverable observation satellites. The Soyuz-Ikar will be able to deliver 2.5 tons payload in 1400 km 51.8° orbits or 2.35 tons in polar orbit at the same altitude. The first use of the vehicle should be for 4 Globalstar satellites.

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Soyuz 2 (Rus)

A enhanced Semiorka named Rus should be available in 1999. It will be used to launch the Cosmos, Foton, Bion and Resurs F satellites with a 3-stage version and Molniya, Meteor, Tselina and Resurs O satellites with a 4-stage version.

This new launcher, 51.2 m high, will have the same 3 stages of Soyuz with an improved propulsion and guidance systems. The RD-0101 motor of the 3rd stage will be replaced by a RD-0124 with integrated flux of same thrust, but with a 359 s Isp and a burn duration extended at 300 s. Moreover deployable nozzle will suppress the need for the 4 vernier motors. The top stage (in 4-stage version) will be the Fregat of NPO Lavotchkine. It weighs 6.5 tons including 5.3 tons of stockable propellant (NTO-UDMH). It will be equipped with a S5-92 motor from KB KhimMach of 20 kN which can be re-ignited up to 20 times. This rocket will have 900 kg more performance than the current Soyuz.

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Launch statistics

	A / SL1	A1 / SL2	A1 / SL3	A2 / SL4	A1 / SL5	A2e / SL6	A1 / SL10	Total
1957	2							2
1958	1							1
1959		3						3
1960			3					3
1961			4			2		6
1962			7			6		13
1963			8	1	1	3		13
1964			12	5	1	4		22
1965			9	12		11	1	33
1966			11	14		8	1	34
1967			8	21		7		36
1968			2	34		5		41
1969			2	37		4		43
1970			5	31		7		43
1971			4	33		3		40
1972			5	31		11		47
1973			3	40		10		53
1974			6	36		7		49
1975			6	40		12		58
1976			5	38		11		54
1977			7	37		10		54
1978			5	45		9		59
1979			8	45		7		60
1980			6	45		12		63
1981			6	41		14		61
1982			5	43		11		59
1983			4	42		11		57
1984				44		11		55
1985			1	40		16		57
1986				36		14		50
1987				43		4		47
1988			2	42		11		55
1989				38		6		44
1990				30		12		42
1991			1	24		5		30
1992				24		8		32
1993				17		8		25
1994				15		3		18

As of 31 Dec 1998, 1627 Semiorka-based satellites were launched.

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A / SL1 launches

#	Launch id	Payload	Launch date	Site	Type	Status (orbit in perigee x apogee x inc. x period)
1	57001	Sputnik 01	04 Oct 1957	T	8K71PS	228 x 204 km x 65.1°
2	57002	Sputnik 02	03 Nov 1957	T	8K71PS	225 x 204 km x 65.1°
3	n/a	(Sputnik)	24 Apr 1958	T	8K91	Failure
4	58004	Sputnik 03	15 May 1958	T	8K91	226 x 1881 km x 65.2°

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Ae / SL5 launches

#	Launch id	Payload	Launch date	Site	Type	Status (orbit in perigee x apogee x inc. x period)
1	63043	Poliot-1	01 Nov 1963	T	11A59	343 x 1437 km x 58.9°
2	64019	Poliot-2	12 Apr 1964	T	11A59	310 x 500 km x 58.6°

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A1m / SL10 launches

#	Launch id	Payload	Launch date	Site	Type	Status (orbit in perigee x apogee x inc. x period)
1	65111	Cosmos-102	28 Dec 1965	T	11A510	218 x 278 km x 65.0°
2	66067	Cosmos-125	20 Jul 1966	T	11A510	250 x 250 km x 65.0°

Notes: T for Tyouratam (Baikonur), P for Plesetsk launches

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A1 / SL2 & SL3 launches

#	Launch id	Payload	Launch date	Site	Type	Status (orbit in perigee x apogee x inc. x period)
		(Luna)	23 Sep 1958	T	8K72	Failure
		(Luna)	12 Oct 1958	T	8K72	Failure
		(Luna)	04 Dec 1958	T	8K72	Failure
	59012	Luna-1	02 Jan 1959	T		orbit
		(Luna)	18 Jul 1959	T	8K72	Failure
	59014	Luna-2	12 Sep 1959	T		impact
	59008	Luna-3	04 Oct 1959	T	8K72	probe
		(Luna)	15 Apr 1960	T	8K72	Failure
		(Luna)	16 Apr 1960	T	8K72	Failure
	60005	Korabl-1 S-4	15 May 1960	T	8K72	307 x 690 km x 65.0°
		(Korabl)	23 Jul 1960	T	8K72	Failure
	60011	Korabl-2 S-5	19 Aug 1960	T	8K72	306 x 339 km x 65.0°
	60017	Korabl-3 S-6	01 Dec 1960	T	8K72K	180 x 249 km x 65.0°
		(Korabl)	22 Dec 1960	T	8K72K	Failure
	61008	Korabl-4 S-9	09 Mar 1961	T	8K72K	184 x 249 km x 64.9°
	61009	Korabl-5 S-10	25 Mar 1961	T	8K72K	178 x 247 km x 64.9°
	61012	Vostok-1	12 Apr 1961	T	8K72K	181 x 327 km x 65.0°
	61019	Vostok-2	06 Aug 1961	T	8K72K	183 x 244 km x 64.9°
		(Cosmos)	11 Dec 1961	T	8K72K	Failure
	62014	Cosmos-4	26 Apr 1962	T	8K72K	298 x 330 km x 65.0°
		(Cosmos)	01 Jun 1962	T	8A92	Failure
	62033	Cosmos-7	28 Jul 1962	T	8A92 <?	210 x 369 km x 65.0°
	62036	Vostok-3	11 Aug 1962	T	8K72K	181 x 234 km x 65.0°
	62037	Vostok-4	12 Aug 1962	T	8K72K	180 x 237 km x 65.0°
	62048	Cosmos-9	27 Sep 1962	T		301 x 353 km x 65.0°
	62054	Cosmos-10	17 Oct 1962	T		210 x 380 km x 65.0°
	62072	Cosmos-12	22 Dec 1962	T		211 x 405 km x 65.0°
	63006	Cosmos-13	21 Mar 1963	T		205 x 337 km x 65.0°
	63011	Cosmos-15	22 Apr 1963	T		173 x 371 km x 65.0°
	63012	Cosmos-16	28 Apr 1963	T		207 x 401 km x 65.0°
	63018	Cosmos-18	24 May 1963	T		209 x 301 km x 65.0°
	63020	Vostok-5	14 Jun 1963	T	8K72K	175 x 222 km x 65.0°
	63023	Vostok-6	16 Jun 1963	T	8K72K	181 x 231 km x 65.0°
	63040	Cosmos-20	18 Oct 1963	T		206 x 311 km x 65.0°
	63052	Cosmos-24	19 Dec 1963	T		211 x 408 km x 65.0°
	64006	A: Elektron 1 B: Elektron 2	30 Jan 1964	T	8K72K	460 x 68200 km x 61.0°
	64017	Cosmos-28	04 Apr 1964	T		209 x 395 km x 65.0°
	64021	Cosmos-29	25 Apr 1964	T		204 x 309 km x 65.1°
	64029	Cosmos-32	10 Jun 1964	T		209 x 333 km x 51.3°
	64033	Cosmos-33	23 Jun 1964	T		209 x 293 km x 65.0°
	64038	A: Elektron 3 B: Elektron 4	11 Jul 1964	T	8K72K	459 x 66235 km x 60.9°
	64039	Cosmos-35	15 Jul 1964	T		217 x 268 km x 51.3°
	64044	Cosmos-37	14 Aug 1964	T		205 x 300 km x 65.0°
	64053	Cosmos-44	28 Aug 1964	T		618 x 860 km x 65.0°
	64059	Cosmos-46	24 Sep 1964	T		215 x 271 km x 51.3°
	64066	Cosmos-48	14 Oct 1964	T		203 x 295 km x 65.1°
	64070	Cosmos-50	28 Oct 1964	T		196 x 241 km x 51.3°
	65001	Cosmos-52	11 Jan 1965	T		205 x 304 km x 65.0°
	65014	Cosmos-58	26 Feb 1965	T		581 x 659 km x 65.0°
	65025	Cosmos-64	25 Mar 1965	T		206 x 271 km x 65.0°
	65035	Cosmos-66	07 May 1965	T		197 x 291 km x 65.0°
	65046	Cosmos-68	15 Jun 1965	T		205 x 334 km x 65.0°
	65066	Cosmos-78	14 Aug 1965	T		206 x 329 km x 69.0°
	65097	Cosmos-98	27 Nov 1965	T		216 x 570 km x 65.0°
	65103	Cosmos-99	10 Dec 1965	T		199 x 320 km x 65.0°
	65106	Cosmos 0100	17 Dec 1965	T		630 x 650 km x 65.0°
	66001	Cosmos-104	07 Jan 1966	T		204 x 401 km x 65.0°
	66003	Cosmos-105	22 Jan 1966	T		204 x 324 km x 65.0°
	66010	Cosmos-107	10 Feb 1966	T		204 x 322 km x 65.0°
	66021	Cosmos-112	17 Mar 1966	P		214 x 565 km x 72.0°
	66033	Cosmos-115	20 Apr 1966	T		190 x 294 km x 65.0°
	66037	Cosmos-117	06 May 1966	T		207 x 308 km x 65.0°
	66038	Cosmos-118	11 May 1966	P		640 x 640 km x 65.0°
	66057	Cosmos 0122	25 Jun 1966	P		550 x 690 km x 65.0°
	66091	Cosmos-129	14 Oct 1966	T		202 x 307 km x 65.0°
	66106	Cosmos-132	19 Nov 1966	T		207 x 280 km x 65.0°
	66115	Cosmos-136	19 Dec 1966	T		198 x 35 km x 64.6°
	67004	Cosmos-138	19 Jan 1967	T?		193 x 293 km x 65.0°
	67017	Cosmos-143	27 Feb 1967	T?		204 x 302 km x 65.0°
	67018	Cosmos 0144	28 Feb 1967	P		630 x 630 km x 81.2°
	67022	Cosmos-147	13 Mar 1967	T?		198 x 317 km x 65.0°
	67030	Cosmos-153	04 Apr 1967	T?		202 x 291 km x 64.9°
	67039	Cosmos-156	27 Apr 1967	P		630 x 630 km x 81.2°
	67044	Cosmos-157	12 May 1967	T		202 x 296 km x 51.3°
	67102	Cosmos-184	25 Oct 1967	P		635 x 635 km x 81.2°
	68019	Cosmos-206	14 Mar 1968	P		630 x 630 km x 81.0°
	68049	Cosmos-226	12 Jun 1968	P		603 x 650 km x 81.2°
	69029	Meteor 1-01	26 Mar 1969	P		644 x 713 km x 81.2°
	69084	Meteor 1-02	06 Oct 1969	P		630 x 690 km x 81.2°
	70019	Meteor-1#3	17 Mar 1970	P		537 x 632 km x 81.1°
	70037	Meteor-1#4	28 Apr 1970	P		624 x 710 km x 81.2°
	70047	Meteor-1#5	23 Jun 1970	P		830 x 888 km x 81.2°
	70085	Meteor-1#6	15 Oct 1970	P		626 x 648 km x 81.2°
	70113	Cosmos-389	18 Dec 1970	P		642 x 687 km x 81.2°
	71003	Meteor-1#7	20 Jan 1971	P		629 x 656 km x 81.2°
	71028	Cosmos-405	07 Apr 1971	P	?	676 x 705 km x 81.3°
	71031	Meteor-1#8	17 Apr 1971	P		610 x 632 km x 81.2°
	71059	Meteor-1#9	16 Jul 1971	P		618 x 650 km x 81.2°
	71120	Meteor-1#10	29 Dec 1971	P		880 x 905 km x 81.2°
	72011	Cosmos-476	01 Mar 1972	P		618 x 651 km x 81.2°
	72022	Meteor-1#11	30 Mar 1972	P		878 x 903 km x 81.2°
	72049	Meteor-1#12	30 Jun 1972	P		897 x 929 km x 81.2°
	72085	Meteor-1#13	16 Oct 1972	P		893 x 904 km x 81.2°
	72106	Cosmos-542	28 Dec 1972	P		554 x 653 km x 81.2°
	73015	Meteor-1#14	20 Mar 1973	P		882 x 903 km x 81.2°
	73034	Meteor-1#15	29 May 1973	P		867 x 909 km x 81.2°
	73079	Cosmos-604 (603)	27 Oct 1973	P		624 x 647 km x 81.2°
	74011	Meteor-1#16	05 Mar 1974	P		853 x 906 km x 81.2°
	74025	Meteor-1#17	24 Apr 1974	P		877 x 907 km x 81.2°
	74052	Meteor-1#18	10 Jul 1974	P		877 x 905 km x 81.2°
	74066	Cosmos-673	16 Aug 1974	P		608 x 634 km x 81.2°
	74083	Meteor-1#19	29 Oct 1974	P		855 x 917 km x 81.2°
	74099	Meteor-1#20	17 Dec 1974	P		861 x 910 km x 81.2°
	75023	Meteor-1#21	01 Apr 1975	P		877 x 906 km x 81.2°
	75056	Cosmos-744	20 Jun 1975	P		612 x 650 km x 81.2°
	75064	Meteor 2-01	08 Jul 1975	P		872 x 903 km x 81.3°
	75076	Cosmos-756	22 Aug 1975	P		627 x 649 km x 81.2°
	75087	Meteor-1#22	18 Sep 1975	P		867 x 918 km x 81.2°
	75124	Meteor-1#23	25 Dec 1975	P		857 x 913 km x 81.3°
	76024	Cosmos-808	16 Mar 1976	P		618 x 647 km x 81.3°
	76032	Meteor-1#24	07 Apr 1976	P		863 x 906 km x 81.2°
	76043	Meteor-1#25	15 May 1976	P		866 x 908 km x 81.2°
	76085	Cosmos-851	27 Aug 1976	P		592 x 649 km x 81.0°
	76102	Meteor-1#26	16 Oct 1976	P		871 x 904 km x 81.3°
	77002	Meteor-2#2	07 Jan 1977	P		893 x 932 km x 81.3°
	77015	Cosmos-895	27 Feb 1977	P		613 x 648 km x 81.2°
	77024	Meteor-1#27	05 Apr 1977	P		869 x 909 km x 81.2°
	77057	Meteor-1#28	29 Jun 1977	T		602 x 685 km x 98.0°
	77061	Cosmos-925	07 Jul 1977	P		622 x 645 km x 81.2°
	77091	Cosmos-955	20 Sep 1977	P		631 x 664 km x 81.2°
	77117	Meteor-2#3	14 Dec 1977	P		872 x 906 km x 81.2°
	78004	Cosmos-975	10 Jan 1978	P		637 x 680 km x 81.2°
	78045	Cosmos-1005	12 May 1978	P		626 x 672 km x 81.2°
	78094	Cosmos-1043	10 Oct 1978	P		625 x 650 km x 81.1°
	78117	Cosmos-1063	19 Dec 1978	P		632 x 661 km x 81.2°
	78121	Cosmos-1066	23 Dec 1978	P		848 x 908 km x 81.2°
	79005	Meteor-1#29	25 Jan 1979	T		628 x 656 km x 98.0°
	79012	Cosmos-1077	14 Feb 1979	P		629 x 651 km x 81.2°
	79021	Meteor-2#4	01 Mar 1979	P		857 x 908 km x 81.2°
	79032	Cosmos-1093	13 Apr 1979	P		625 x 650 km x 81.3°
	79067	Cosmos-1116	20 Jul 1979	P		608 x 649 km x 81.2°
	79093	Cosmos-1143	20 Oct 1979	P		625 x 665 km x 81.2°
	79095	Meteor-2#5	31 Oct 1979	P		877 x 904 km x 81.2°
	79099	Cosmos-1145	27 Nov 1979	P		629 x 622 km x 81.2°
	80008	Cosmos-1154	30 Jan 1980	P		634 x 671 km x 81.3°
	80044	Cosmos-1184	04 Jun 1980	P		621 x 662 km x 81.2°
	80051	Meteor-1#30	18 Jun 1980	T		589 x 678 km x 98.0°
	80069	Cosmos-1206	15 Aug 1980	P		630 x 659 km x 81.3°
	80073	Meteor-2#6	09 Sep 1980	P		868 x 906 km x 81.2°
	80093	Cosmos-1222	21 Nov 1980	P		624 x 659 km x 81.2°
	81008	Cosmos-1242	28 Jan 1981	P		635 x 684 km x 81.2°
	81043	Meteor-2#7	14 May 1981	P		868 x 904 km x 81.3°
	81046	Cosmos-1271	19 May 1981	P		628 x 670 km x 81.2°
	81065	Meteor Priroda	10 Jul 1981	T		611 x 689 km x 97.9°
	81075	Intercosmos 22	07 Aug 1981	P		825 x 906 km x 81.2°
	81103	Cosmos-1315	14 Oct 1981	P		628 x 685 km x 81.2°
	82013	Cosmos-1340	19 Feb 1982	P		636 x 679 km x 81.2°
	82027	Cosmos-1346	31 Mar 1982	P		623 x 675 km x 81.0°
	82039	Cosmos-1356~	05 May 1982	P		632 x 684 km x 81.2°
	82079	Cosmos-1400	05 Aug 1982	P		631 x 675 km x 81.2°
	82116	Meteor-2#9	14 Dec 1982	P		836 x 904 km x 81.3°
	83003	Cosmos-1437	20 Jan 1983	P		629 x 678 km x 81.2°
	83010	Cosmos-1441	16 Feb 1983	P		632 x 667 km x 81.0°
	83075	Cosmos-1484	24 Jul 1983	T		595 x 673 km x 98.0°
	83109	Meteor-2#10	28 Oct 1983	P		780 x 901 km x 81.2°
	85090	Cosmos-1689	03 Oct 1985	T		573 x 657 km x 98.0°
	88021	IRS 1A	17 Mar 1988	T		863 x 917 km x 99.0°
	88032	Cosmos-1939	20 Apr 1988	T		620 x 678 km x 98.0°
	91061	IRS-1B	29 Aug 1991	T	8A92M	860 x 920 km x 99.2°

Notes: T for Tyouratam (Baikonur), P for Plesetsk launches

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